粮食主产区水稻适度规模经营意愿影响因素研究——基于江西省7县428个水稻种植户的调查

[目的]农业适度规模经营是提高我国农业经营主体收入的最佳途径,是粮食主产区现代农业发展、维护国家粮食安全的现实选择。明晰粮食主产区农户水稻适度规模经营意愿水平,并深入考察其影响因素,对进一步提高水稻适度规模经营意愿、扩大土地经营规模具有重要的现实意义。[方法]基于江西省7县428个水稻种植户的实地调查数据,运用Logistic回归模型,借鉴柯布—道格拉斯生产函数,对粮食主产区水稻适度规模经营意愿影响因素进行了实证分析。[结果](1)各县水稻适度规模经营意愿及其影响因素特征存在着一定差异,且它们之间具有较为密切的关系;(2)劳动力、土地、资金和其他因素对粮食主产区水稻适度规模经营意愿均具有显著影响,其中土地因素对水稻适度规模经营意愿影响最为显著,劳动力和资金因素具有较大影响,其他因素影响较小;(3)在引入模型的13个影响因素中,土地规模、土地流转和户主文化程度对水稻适度规模经营意愿影响最为显著,劳动力人数、融资难易程度和非农收入比例次之,户主年龄、人均收入和区域经济水平也有影响,而家庭生命周期、粮食补贴、农业技术培训和购买农业保险则没有对规模经营意愿产生显著影响。[结论]根据以上研究结果,从加快土地流转、提升农户素质、破解融资瓶颈和分区分类推进适度规模经营4个方面提出了相关对策,认为要加快土地流转,扩大土地经营规模,创造适度规模经营前提条件;加强教育培训力度,提高农户职业素养,培养适度规模经营职业队伍;扩大融资渠道,改善粮食补贴模式,克服适度规模经营资金瓶颈;充分考虑地区差异,区分不同的地域类型,分区分类推进适度规模经营。     

An item response theory approach to constructing and evaluating brief and in-depth financial literacy scales

We applied item response theory (IRT) to construct and evaluate new brief and in-depth financial literacy scales. A survey of a UK adult sample (N = 589) included 50 questions to assess knowledge about managing financial resources and competence in using personal finance-related information—including five widely used items, on interest rates, inflation, investment diversification, mortgages and bonds. IRT applied to a scale of these items identified some limitations, overcome via further iterations to construct a new brief scale with sound psychometric properties. IRT was then applied iteratively to our pool, resulting in an in-depth, 20-item scale, also psychometrically sound, covering four broad financial domains: everyday money transactions; the concept of money; borrowing; and saving and investment. Parallel 10-item sub-scales were also evaluated. The validity of the new scales was demonstrated by regression analyses which found that, controlling for demographic variables, financial literacy predicted key indicators of financial well-being.     

基于SEM模型的农地规模经营意愿影响因素研究*——以江汉平原潜江市为例

［目的］乡村振兴战略背景下，受规模经营效益的驱动，农地流转和适度规模经营将不断推进，研究农地规模经营意愿的影响因素及贡献率，对进一步扩大农地适度经营规模、发展现代农业和助力乡村振兴具有重要的现实意义。［方法］文章以江汉平原潜江市为研究区，基于176份调查问卷数据，借助结构方程模型，定量诊断影响集约化农区农地规模经营意的愿影响因素及贡献。［结果］影响潜江市农地规模经营意愿的因素主要为生产经营、资源禀赋、流转束缚、环境特征、行为认知5个方面，假设的5个潜在变量路径系数分别为0331、0238、0218、0238、0240，均对农地规模经营意愿影响因素表现出显著的正向影响； 引入模型的19个影响因素中，新技术新用具运用、生产经营面积、地块数量和社会地位认知影响最为显著，而生产经济组织程度、流转租金、农业基础设施等因素的影响相对较小，最后从健全农地流转政策等方面提出了较合理的建议。［结论］研究对系统剖析集约化农区农地规模经营的主要影响因素及贡献、推动新时代下农业供给侧结构性改革对农地规模经营的决策需求具有重要的参考价值。     

食用菌规模化快速发展背景下菇农生产意愿的分析*——基于泌阳、西峡两县的调查

[目的]食用菌规模化生产的快速发展对传统的菇农生产活动产生了深刻影响,其中一些菇农已经暂停或放弃生产,而其他菇农则采取了改变规模、改变品种、改善技术及与工厂化企业合作等生产调整措施以避免或减少潜在风险。文章运用河南省泌阳、西峡两个香菇生产大县的实地调查数据,从理性预期视角探索影响专业菇农继续生产意愿的主要因素,为研究规模化农业与传统小农户家庭生产方式之间的关系提供参考。[方法]采用二元Probit模型结合边际效应分析,分别从成本预期、收益预期和风险预期等3个方面,探索食用菌规模化生产迅速发展背景下菇农理性预期对其继续生产意愿的影响。[结果]实证结果显示,绝大多数样本菇农在规模化快速发展背景下愿意继续进行香菇生产;菇农继续生产的总体风险预期和总体机会预期、菇农生产方式被替代预期、年参加培训次数、工厂化企业工作经历等对菇农继续生产意愿影响显著;设施设备改造投入增加预期、产品滞销风险增加预期、继续生产的利润下降预期、文化程度、自制还是购买菌棒、年栽培棒数、贷款资金需求等因素的影响比较显著。[结论]菇农能够相对充分地认识到食用菌规模化生产方式所带来的风险和机会,进而通过主动学习来改进现有的菇农家庭生产方式,而不是直接退出生产;政府部门和金融机构等对以菇农为代表的专业化小农户的专项扶持,对于探索小农户与现代农业有机衔接的内源方式、实现农户家庭生产方式的历史跃迁具有重要意义。     

家庭农场经营效率及其差异分析*——基于山东234个示范家庭农场的调查

[目的]文章通过对山东省家庭农场经营效率的实证分析,旨在厘清技术、规模对农场经营效率的促进作用,通过比较分析找出各类型家庭农场短板,针对性地提出政策建议。[方法]以山东234个家庭农场数据为例,运用DEA模型对家庭农场全样本及纯种植、种养结合、种植兼休闲、种养兼休闲4类家庭农场的经营效率进行了测算和分解。[结果]首先,家庭农场综合技术效率仅为0. 170,纯技术效率和规模效率分别为0. 235和0. 786,规模效率相对充分纯技术效率不足是经营效率较低的主要原因;其次,种养结合类农场发展势头较好,纯种植类家庭农场发展滞后且综合技术效率和纯技术效率最低,种养兼休闲类农场的规模效率最低。[结论] 4类农场差异明显,应降低生产技术使用门槛,引导农场主参加职业教育,提升纯种植类农场纯技术效率,同时出台相关政策,实现土地流转的降费提效,改善种养兼休闲类农场规模效率。     

中国城市宏观级差地租的形成机制

城市宏观级差地租是我国特殊国情下的创新理论。先梳理了城市宏观级差地租理论的发展和最新成果,在前人研究的基础上,提出一些新的理论观点。之后对城市宏观级差地租的概念进行了新的诠释,然后重点论述了城市宏观级差地租的形成机制,并结合我国实际情况,分别从城市区位级差地租、城市规模级差地租和城市功能级差地租三方面进行深入分析和论述,阐明了城市宏观级差地租形成的原因。最后总结了我国城市宏观级差地租理论创新的意义,指出中央政府对宏观级差地租理论的运用是缩小我国区域经济差距一个新的政策思路。     

Efficiency,total factor productivity and returns to scale in a sustainable perspective: An analysis in the European Union at farm and regional level

For global sustainability it is imperative to find a balance across the three main components of sustainable development which are the economic, social and environmental aspects. However, it is not a simple task to make these contexts compatible, usually because of economic pressures which transform them into opposed objectives. This framework occurs across several dimensions within society and the economy, where the agricultural sector is not an exception. The objective of this study is to analyse the efficiency, total factor productivity and returns to scale in an economic, social and environmental perspective in farms of the European Union (EU) regions through Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approaches. The research concerning the returns to scale will be complemented by the Keynesian models. Data obtained from the European Union Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) was considered. The results show that in maintaining or improving the levels of production in farms, it is often possible to greatly reduce, in some cases, the consumption of fertilizers and crop protection products. On the other hand, from a social perspective, some European Union regions are more generous in the salaries paid to farming workers and absorb more labour, which in a European context of unemployment, may be an interesting way to realistically look at and be engaged in the agricultural planning in a sustainable way, founding a balanced trade-off among the economic, social and environmental dimensions.     

Desire for Visual Aesthetics (DVA) in the Store Environment: Concept and Measurement

The article describes the development, purification, and validation of a reliable self-report scale designed to measure the Desire for Visual Aesthetics (DVA) in the store environment. There is limited literature on the subject and a measurement scale has eluded both academicians and practitioners that could help measure the need for aesthetics in the retailing environment and help marketers decide on the level and type of aesthetics for the different segments in the target market/s and also the different type of retail stores. We used 3 focus groups, 8 individual interviews, and 891 surveys to develop, purify, and validate the 9-item Likert type scale. We also provide evidence for dimensionality, reliability, and validity. The scale could be used by academicians and practitioners alike, and could replace single items to measure the concept.     

The Rise and Decline of Small‐Scale Sugarcane Production in South Africa: A Historical Perspective

South Africa's sugar industry has long been distinguished by its large number of small‐scale sugarcane growers (SSGs) farming on ‘communal’ land and its peculiar privately administered regulatory structure. In recent years, however, the numbers of small‐scale growers have declined precipitously. This paper argues that the relationship between the rise and fall of SSG production and the industry's governing regulatory structure is closer than usually appreciated. The emergence of SSG production in the late 1970s and the 1980s can be traced to industry‐subsidized initiatives, disguised as small‐scale credit, to bring commercially inalienable Bantustan land into cane production with strong miller oversight. From the late 1980s to 1990s, however, the elimination of these subsidies encouraged millers to subcontract support to farmers, while simultaneously instigating an increase in SSG numbers by removing restrictions on grower registration. Although low rainfall is a central proximal factor in the rapid decline of the SSGs in the 2000s, their rapid increase was structurally fragile.     

短期生产决策理论下学生党支部最优规模分析

高校学生党支部是高校最重要的基层党组织团队之一。本文利用微观经济学短期生产决策理论,设置支部产出,构建数学模型,利用调查数据进行分析,对高校学生党支部这一特殊团队的规模最优进行了研究。